The terms ".38" and ".38 Special" are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion among firearm enthusiasts and newcomers alike. While closely related, these cartridges possess distinct characteristics that impact their performance and applications. Understanding these differences is crucial for safe and informed handling of firearms.
Understanding the Caliber Designation
The ".38" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the bullet, measured in inches – 0.357 inches to be precise. This measurement is a legacy from the early days of cartridge development. The naming convention, however, doesn't fully capture the nuances of these cartridges.
.38 Long Colt: The Predecessor
Before we delve into the differences between .38 and .38 Special, it's essential to acknowledge the .38 Long Colt. This was one of the earliest .38 caliber cartridges and is where the confusion begins. The .38 Special evolved from the .38 Long Colt, but they are not interchangeable.
Key Differences Between .38 Long Colt and .38 Special
| Feature | .38 Long Colt | .38 Special |
|---|---|---|
| Case Length | Longer | Shorter |
| Powder Capacity | More | Less |
| Pressure | Lower | Higher (initially, but modern loads are similar) |
| Power | Generally less powerful | Generally more powerful |
| Modern Availability | Less common, mostly for historical firearms | Widely available |
The shorter case length of the .38 Special is the most significant difference. While initially designed for lower pressure, modern .38 Special ammunition often matches or exceeds the pressure of older .38 Long Colt rounds. This means modern .38 Special ammunition can be fired safely in most firearms chambered for .38 Long Colt. However, never attempt to fire .38 Long Colt in a firearm designed only for .38 Special as this can cause dangerous over-pressure.
.38 Special: A Modern Classic
The .38 Special, introduced in 1898, quickly gained popularity due to its improved ballistics over the .38 Long Colt. Its higher pressure and more efficient powder charge resulted in greater accuracy and stopping power, making it a favorite for law enforcement and civilian self-defense. The .38 Special's versatility also extends to target shooting and hunting small game.
.38 Special +P and +P+
The .38 Special also has variations like +P and +P+, which stand for "plus pressure." These cartridges use a higher pressure load, resulting in greater velocity and energy. However, using +P or +P+ ammunition in firearms not specifically rated for them can lead to damage and potential injury. Always check your firearm's manual before using higher pressure ammunition.
In Conclusion
While the terms ".38" and ".38 Special" are often used together, the .38 Special is a distinct and improved cartridge derived from the older .38 Long Colt. Understanding the subtle yet crucial differences in case length, pressure, and power is essential for safe and responsible firearm handling. Always consult your firearm's manual and follow safe gun handling practices.
